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The large number of Jews living in Polish lands had lived as a separate estate from the Poles until the mid-nineteenth century. As modern ideologies of democratic, homogeneous national societies came to life, this separateness became a problem. Focusing on several long-term factors and one major event - the Revolution of 1905 - Weeks traces Poland's failed attempts to integrate its Jewish communities into the country's social fabric. While Jews became politically engaged during the Industrial Revolution, social integration remained elusive.